Citation in digital scholarship

This page provides examples and offers best practices for making citations in digital scholarship. The term 'citation' is meant very generally as the encoding of reference to an external entity in support of, as illustration of, or otherwise in relationship to a work of digital scholarship. Scholars cite resources ranging from primary texts, contemporary scholarship, museum objects, people, places, and a wide range of other entities and categories of information.

Some preliminaries:


 * The page is divided into categories of evidence with options for citing specific instances.
 * The structure of the examples presented emphasizes the practical solutions that are available now while leaving room for suggestion as to future directions.
 * An xml context – tei, xhtml, or other(?) - is assumed.
 * Discussion of this page can take place on the Digital Classicist Discussion List.
 * While this page does assert categories, those are also up for discussion. What is the theoretical and practical difference between a "primary source" and "secondary scholarship"? It is reasonable to cite the 9th century scholar Photius as both.
 * It is not the goal of this page to suggest that "Citation in digital scholarship" is a simple
 * For all the examples below, but particularly for sites creating stable id's (e.g. Pleiades), a concern is for a generic, interoperable, author-friendly convention to refer to those resources in ways that the sites themselves will recognize. "If you make a reference to Pleiades, how does Pleiades know that you've done so?"

Matteo Romanello (2008) has described goals for a linking system as:


 * open-ended: it should be possible to link and retrieve other resources related to a given author or work as soon as they appear on the Web. Each link would be resolved into an open-ended, and therefore potentially infinite, number of on-line resources;
 * interoperable: it should guarantee the reuse of data and the interoperability among web applications that use different communication protocols and interfaces;
 * semantic and language-neutral: such a linking system should allow to identify each author, work and edition of a work with a unique identifier rather than with a language-dependent name. If an author is univocally identified it is possible to map the name of the same author written in different languages to that unique identifier. But it is impossible to do the reverse.

Ancient Mediterranean Primary Texts
"Classics" has well established abbreviations. Neither complete, not unambiguous, but well established.
 * Plain text: "Hom. Il. 2.345", "Homer, Iliad 2.345"

The following examples illustrate that the same text can appear in different places.
 * HTML: Hom. Il. 2.345
 * HTML: Hom. Il. 2.345


 * More HTML with some microformat/@class sugar: " Hom Il. 2.345 "


 * More HTML with some microformat/@class sugar + some RDFa: "Hom Il. 2.345 ". This pattern is not known "in the wild". It is here to start conversation.

None of these examples address the presence and/or capabilities of the Canonical Text Services (CTS) protocol and URN scheme under development at the Center for Hellenic Studies.

Geographic Entities
Within the Ancient Mediterranean, the Pleiades Project is establishing short URL as identifiers for geographic entities (but see their own discussion for details). Geonames.org is a worldwide list of identifiers.
 * HTML: Ephesus
 * HTML: Samarkand

Bibliographic Data
Worldcat. But there may be licensing issues.
 * HTML:  Yang, X., National Gallery of Art (U.S.), Museum of Fine Arts, Houston., & Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. (1999). The golden age of Chinese archaeology: Celebrated discoveries from the People's Republic of China. Washington: National Gallery of Art 

What is the relationship between citing a work and citing its bibliographic record. Is that a necessary distinction. With some "skos", can we make the operation more clear.


 * HTML: ' Yang, X., National Gallery of Art (U.S.), Museum of Fine Arts, Houston., & Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. (1999). The golden age of Chinese archaeology: Celebrated discoveries from the People's Republic of China. Washington: National Gallery of Art</a> '

The semantics here are along the lines of: a citation is being made to a work that is defined by the web page at "http.....".

Museum Objects
Or any cataloged object with stable id?

HTML: ANS 1968.34.40</a>.

Same possibility to use 'skos:definition' here.

Egyptian Papyri
The sites http://papyri.info and http://trismegistos.org (e.g. http://www.trismegistos.org/tm/detail.php?tm=23 ) are islands of stability here.